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1,4-Dioxane is a clear, water-soluble liquid mainly used as a solvent in chemical manufacturing and as a lab reagent (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2025).
1,4-Dioxane is found as a trace contaminant in some cosmetic, detergent, and shampoo chemicals, but manufacturers now minimize its presence in finished household products.(American Chemical Society, 2019).
American Chemical Society. (2019). Molecule of the week archive 1,4-Dioxane. American Chemical Society. https://www.acs.org/molecule-of-the-week/archive/d/dioxane.html
Balwierz, R., Biernat, P., Jasińska-Balwierz, A., Siodłak, D., Kusakiewicz-Dawid, A., Kurek-Górecka, A., Olczyk, P., & Ochędzan-Siodłak, W. (2023). Potential Carcinogens in Makeup Cosmetics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064780
Centers for Disease Control. (2015, June 18). Public health statement for 1,4-dioxane. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/PHS/PHS.aspx?phsid=953&toxid=199
Environmental Protection Agency. (2024, November 13). Risk evaluation for 1,4-dioxane. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://Risk Evaluation for 1,4-Dioxane
National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2025). PubChem compound summary for CID 31275, 1,4-Dioxane. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1_4-Dioxane
Ramos, P. R. (2023). Dioxane in consumer products: Is the guidance changing? Reading Scientific Services Ltd. https://www.rssl.com/insights/food-consumer-goods/dioxane-in-consumer-products-is-the-guidance-changing
Sze-Huey Sang, Sue-Kei Lee, Jing-Wen Keng, Heng-Chee Lim, Farrukh, M. J., Chung-Keat Tan, Kai Bin Liew, Siew-Keah Lee, & Yik-Ling Chew. (2023). A review on synthetic shampoo ingredients and their adverse health effects. Current Trends in Biotechnology & Pharmacy, 17, 50-60. https://doi.org/10.5530/ctbp.2023.4s.90
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2022, March 3). 1,4-Dioxane in cosmetics: A manufacturing byproduct. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/potential-contaminants-cosmetics/14-dioxane-cosmetics-manufacturing-byproduct